PTCL
Promotional offer for new EVO, Nitro & Wi-Fi Cloud customers, where by all new customers of Evo, Nitro & Wi-Fi Cloud will be getting Free devices just by paying advance line rent for the specified time period.
The Promo: “Pay 3 months line Rent in advance for EVO or Nitro & 4 months advance line rent for EVO Wi-Fi Cloud and get your respective device absolutely FREE”
UFONE
Additional 2% maintenance Fee on every reload will be charged by UFONE. Below is the message that appears on their website.
Dear Customer, To further exceed your expectations, a maintenance charge of 2% will be applicable on every prepaid recharge from 17th March, 2012 along with government taxes.
What a beautiful way to exceed expectations.
Punjab Educational Endowment Fund
Punjab Educational Endowment Fund (PEEF) has expanded its scope of the scholarship program and has launched Masters Level Foreign Scholarships. The scholarships are awarded to the brilliant and needy students to pursue higher education in the top ranking universities of the world. PEEF endeavors to provide financial assistance to scholarship holders till the completion of their degree / course they are enrolled in. For more details please visit PEEF
Punjab Government Portal
Punjab Government has its online portal PPORTAL which can be accessed at http://pportal.punjab.gov.pk and is basically running on a sub domain pportal. It looks like they are planning for a separate website for their main domain http://www.punjab.gov.pk as most of their projects are running on sub domain. One another good example of this would be their another project Motor Transport Management Information System MTMIS http://mtmis.punjab.gov.pk
From design and functionality point of view MTMIS website of Punjab government is much better than the web portal PPORTAL but when size of website and information sharing is considered PPORTAL takes the lead.
PPORTAL shares information about Autonomous Bodies, Government Departments, Districts and Punjab Rules of Business. It also has some useful online facilities like Complaint Box, Suggestion Box and Downloads. I personally like the download section because it contains almost every form you can need in a Punjab Government Department.
Fresh water is essential to our health and comfort. Not only do we rely on it to stay hydrated, we use it in many other ways including bathing, cleaning and cooking food, and laundering our clothes. Fresh water has long been a concern of both public communities and private individuals, and several different water purification systems and treatment technologies have been developed to help ensure that tap water is safe for human consumption. But how do these different technologies compare?
Whether you get your water from a well or a city system, water sources can become contaminated by bacteria, runoff, and improper treatment. Even if water isn’t contaminated, it may contain iron and other hard minerals that cause discoloration and can build up in the body, or chlorine that leaves an unpleasant odor and taste. Consequently, many people choose to treat or filter their water to improve flavor and protect against contaminants.
Chlorine is commonly used by municipal water treatment plants and is effective in killing many different bacteria. However, it is not effective against some organisms such as Cryposporidium and Giardia. Both of these organisms can be found in lakes, rivers, and ground water and can cause serious intestinal illness.
As mentioned, many people feel that chlorine leaves an unpleasant taste and smell. In addition, there have been numerous cases where the city water supply became contaminated despite the fact that it was treated. People with city water supplies often use other water purifiers and home water filters to ensure that their water is pure and tastes good. The three most common options are carbon filters, reverse osmosis water filters, and ultraviolet light water purification.
Each of these technologies uses a different approach to treat water, and they each have different levels of effectiveness against various contaminants. One may work well to remove chemicals but be completely ineffective against bacteria, and vice versa.
In reality, there is no single filter or treatment that will eliminate every contaminant from your water. The best approach is to have your water tested for contaminants and then purchase a home water purifier that guards against the particular contaminants that cause you concern.
Another option is to combine treatment technologies. Most higher-end systems use a combination of carbon filters and one of the other treatment technologies to achieve the best results. Let’s look at the different technologies to see where each is effective.
Carbon Filters
Carbon is one of the most powerful absorbents available and it has been used for many years as a means of removing impurities. The absorbing powers of carbon can be further enhanced by adding a slightly positive electrical charge. This is known as activated carbon, and it is used in many standard home water filters. As the water passes over the positively charged carbon, the negative ions of the contaminants are drawn to the surface of the carbon granules and removed from the water.
Activated carbon filters typically use granular activated carbon (GAC) or powdered block carbon. Both work well for filtering and purifying but carbon block filters have been shown to remove more contaminants. Either type of activated carbon filters help reduce or remove a wide variety of contaminants, including:
o volatile organic chemicals (VOCs)
o pesticides and herbicides
o chlorine, radon, and other chemicals often found in tap water.
All of this protection comes in a relatively inexpensive package. You can purchase carbon filter systems that fit on your faucet for about $30, or you can choose a whole house water purification system that utilizes carbon filter technology for around $100.
However, unless they are densely compacted, most carbon block filters are not effective at removing heavy metals or bacteria. For this reason, many people consider combining carbon filters with one of the other types of water purification systems.
Reverse Osmosis Water Filters
Reverse osmosis, also known as hyperfiltration or ultra-filtration, was developed with U.S. government funding as a means of desalinating ocean water. A reverse osmosis water purifier uses a semi-permeable membrane that allows pure water to pass through it, while contaminants are trapped by the tiny pores in the membrane.
The process requires that the water be pressurized to help force it through the membrane. Most standard residential water systems have sufficient pressure. Like activated carbon filters, reverse osmosis also uses charged particles to help filter out impurities.
The effectiveness of a reverse osmosis water purifier depends on the density of the membrane. A membrane with larger pores will obviously let larger impurities pass through. It is also important that the membrane be cleaned regularly for proper functioning.
Higher quality reverse osmosis water filters use a process known as crossflow to allow the membrane to continually clean itself. Crossflow directs some of the water downstream from the membrane, sweeping the rejected contaminants away so they do not build up and block the membrane.
There are two types of membranes commonly used in reverse osmosis water filters –Thin Film Composite (TFC) and Cellulose Triacetate (CTA). TFC membranes are noticeably more effective the CTA membranes but they tend to be less resistant to the deteriorating effects of chlorine. This problem can be avoided by using an activated carbon pre-filter to remove the chlorine first.
Reverse osmosis water purifiers come in different sizes and styles including countertop and whole house water purification systems. They are capable of filtering out a long list of contaminants including:
o chlorine and other treatment related products
o bacteria
o salts, sugars, proteins
o dyes
o heavy metals
One drawback of reverse osmosis water filters is that they are more expensive than carbon filter treatment systems, with the average home system costing around $300. Also, the purification process is usually somewhat slow due to the use of pressurized water. It can take an entire day to produce 15 gallons of purified water. And a typical reverse osmosis water purifier may need up to 8 gallons of untreated water to generate a single gallon of purified water.
UV Water Purification
As the name implies, ultraviolet light water purification systems use ultraviolet (UV) light to treat water and render microorganisms harmless. The UV light comes from a high intensity lamp that is usually enclosed in a protective quartz sleeve. When water passes through the water treatment system, the UV light damages the structure of any organisms and makes them sterile.
Although a UV water purifier requires electricity to operate, it draws about the same amount of energy as a light bulb. However, the lamp bulb itself needs to be replaced every year to ensure adequate intensity.
While whole house UV water purification systems are effective on most bacteria, viruses, molds, algae and other organisms, they do not remove chlorine, heavy metals, VOCs, or other chemicals. And countertop UV systems, which expose the water to UV lighting for less time, do not always remove all organisms.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/54252
PAKISTAN ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY
One of the biggest inventions of all times made by man is electrical energy. This has enabled modernization to evolve so fast. As we know, the biggest invention of all times is the electrical energy. Traditionally speaking, there are also a variety of methods in producing such long before this generation. The good thing is that they are as effective now as they once were.
The largest quantity of electricity ever created by man comes from fossil fuels, nuclear fission, water and even wind. This article will take briefly about the various ways to produce electricity.
Consider the following:
1. Fossil fuel combustion – this is done when a large quantity of water is heated up to produce vapour through blazing fossil fuels like natural gas, coal, and petroleum. Then, electricity is generated while certain engines are propelled using the produced vapour.
2. Through water in dams – this is actually a popular way of producing electricity. Dams as they are known usually function as water storages and reservoirs. Little do we know that they can also be used in another way such as utilizing water to give power to the turbines, therefore aiding them to create electrical current.
3. Wind energy can practically be converted into electrical energy as well. It is common for providing energy in handy cell phone chargers. As a matter of fact, if you travel around places like New Zealand, windmills can easily be spotted.
4. Bio-waste – this medium is basically one of the recent and most accessible ways to produce electricity. Certain chemicals from waste can be generated to form electrical energy as well.
Furthermore, if you are someone looking for more adventurous alternatives instead of the widely used and traditional strategies, then you might want to take note of the following methods:
1. Eco-night clubs – power generating blocks, which produce electricity eventually, can feed certain power batteries to sustain other electrical devices further. Interestingly, the more activity done on the dance floor, the more power it can create.
2. Electricity generating arm-band – take this as an example; a phone is being charged through an arm band that’s attached to the user. The thing is, the person has to do varied kinetic movements in order to keep electricity transported to the phone. Not only do you lose weight, you also produce electrical energy.
3. Convert out sweat into electricity – there is what we call a power generating gym that converts AC to DC. The output that is reflected on the grid is considerably small but simply imagining yourself pedaling for about thirty minutes can already run your laptop for an hour!
Technology and the advancements that it upholds are simply spectacular and is by far, the greatest invention man has ever created. It not only helped our ancestors to keep the transition going, but it also helps us to figure how our future will be like. What’s even more is that you can always add a little touch of fun and excitement to everything that’s dynamically innovated.
The Pakistan Electric Power Company (Private) Limited (PEPCO) has been entrusted the task of managing the transition of WAPDA from a bureaucratic structure to a corporate, commercially viable and productive entity. It is a mammoth task and progress in the initial months was rather slow, but one should keep in mind that responsibility is enormous and transition is a long drawn process.
The factors responsible for the shift in policies were: generation capacity could not be increased to meet demand, WAPDA’s growth caused inefficiencies, ‘demand suppression’ and high tariff policy, proliferated theft.